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<title>Statutory rape</title>

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Statutory rape

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">Acquaintance rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sexual_assault_of_LGBT_persons" title="Sexual assault of LGBT persons">LGBT victims</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug-facilitated_sexual_assault" title="Drug-facilitated sexual assault">Drug-facilitated rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Genocidal rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Live_streaming_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Live streaming sexual abuse">Live streaming rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_chant" title="Rape chant">Rape chant</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Unacknowledged_rape" title="Unacknowledged rape">Unacknowledged rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">Rape by deception</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Effects and motivations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath</a></li>

<li><a href="Factors_associated_with_being_a_victim_of_sexual_violence" title="Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence">Factors involved</a></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_crisis_movement" title="Rape crisis movement">Rape crisis movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li>

<li><a href="Weinstein_effect" title="Weinstein effect">Weinstein effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_victimisation" title="Secondary victimisation">Secondary victimisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Rape_in_Afghanistan" title="Rape in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Belgium" title="Rape in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_China" title="Rape in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_in_Finland" title="Sexual violence in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_France" title="Rape in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Germany" title="Rape in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_the_Philippines" title="Rape in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Sweden" title="Rape in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">During conflicts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li>

<li>World War II

<ul><li><a href="War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Rape" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Eastern Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Italian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Imperial Japan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Occupation of Germany</a> / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a> / <a href="Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a> / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Rape during the occupation of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> / <a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_in_the_Algerian_War" title="Sexual violence in the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Rape during the Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" title="Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars">Congo Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Darfur_genocide" title="Rape during the Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Rape during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_in_the_Tigray_war" title="Sexual violence in the Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li>

<li>Gaza war

<ul><li><a href="Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Gaza_war" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war">By Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_October_7_attacks" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the October 7 attacks">By Palestinians</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Marital_rape_laws_by_country" title="Marital rape laws by country">Marital rape laws by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_shield_law" title="Rape shield law">Rape shield law</a></li>

<li><a href="False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_investigation" title="Rape investigation">Rape investigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Sexual consent in law</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">In Islamic law</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-rape_movement" title="Anti-rape movement">Anti-rape movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Sexual violence statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History of rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">Military sexual trauma</a></li>

<li><a href="Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Preventive measures</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Rape of males</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-rape_device" title="Anti-rape device">Anti-rape device</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">Rape crisis centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_and_revenge" title="Rape and revenge">Rape and revenge films</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_schedule" title="Rape schedule">Rape schedule</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_threat" title="Rape threat">Rape threat</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_trauma_therapy" title="Sexual trauma therapy">Sexual trauma therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ALaw" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li><li> Category</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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Social issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law">Abortion </a>

<ul><li><a href="Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Access to abortion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual intercourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Transgender</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li>

<li><a href="Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a>

<li><a href="Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">Prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Reproductive rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sex_workers'_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Workers' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Charter_for_Prostitutes'_Rights" title="World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights">World Charter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;">

Specific offences (varies by jurisdiction)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a>

<li><a href="Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation</a>

<li><a href="Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a>

<li><a href="Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_circumcision" title="Forced circumcision">Forced circumcision</a></li>

<li><a href="Forcible_touching" title="Forcible touching">Forcible touching</a></li>

<li><a href="Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li>

<li><a href="Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a>

<li><a href="Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Pimping</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced</a></li>

<li><a href="Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Public indecency</a></li>

<ul>

<li><a href="Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li>

<li><a href="Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">Sexual grooming</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a>

<li><a href="Female_sodomy" title="Female sodomy">Female sodomy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">UK Section 63 (2008)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;">

Sex offender registration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">Sex offender registries in the United States</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;">

Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AHuman_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li>

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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;"></td></tr></tbody></table>

In <a href="Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions, statutory rape is nonforcible <a href="Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activity</a> in which one of the individuals is below the <a href="Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> (the age required to legally consent to the behaviour).<a href="#cite_note-Cusack-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ojjdp-2">[2]</a> Although it usually refers to adults engaging in sexual contact with <a href="Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> under the age of consent, it is a generic term, and very few jurisdictions use the actual term statutory rape in the language of statutes.<a href="#cite_note-ovc-3">[3]</a> In statutory rape, overt force or threat is usually not present. Statutory rape laws presume <a href="Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> because a minor or <a href="Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">mentally disabled</a> adult is legally incapable of giving consent to the act.

Different jurisdictions use many different statutory terms for the crime, such as <a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, rape of a child, corruption of a minor, unlawful sex with a minor,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> carnal knowledge of a minor, sexual battery,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> or simply <a href="Carnal_knowledge" title="Carnal knowledge">carnal knowledge</a>. The terms <a href="Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse or child molestation</a> may also be used, but statutory rape generally refers to sex between an adult and a minor past the age of <a href="Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, and may therefore be distinguished from child sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Cusack-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fradella-6">[6]</a> Sexual relations with a prepubescent child is typically treated as a more serious crime.<a href="#cite_note-Cusack-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fradella-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_consent">Age of consent</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></div>

In many jurisdictions, the age of consent is interpreted to mean mental or functional age.<a href="#cite_note-lawphil.net_126545-7">[7]</a> As a result, victims can be of any chronological age if their mental age makes them unable to consent to a sexual act.<a href="#cite_note-lawphil.net_126545-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

Consensual teenage sex is common in the United States. A 1995 study revealed that 50% of U.S. teenagers have had sexual intercourse by the age of sixteen. It is estimated that there are more than 7 million incidents of statutory rape every year. However, it is clear that most incidents are not prosecuted and do not lead to arrests and convictions.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Laws vary<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> in their definitions of statutory rape.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale_of_statutory_rape_laws">Rationale of statutory rape laws</h2></div>

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Statutory rape laws are based on the premise that an individual is legally incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse until that person reaches a certain age. The law mandates that even if he or she willingly engages in sexual intercourse, the sex is not consensual.<a href="#cite_note-gutt-12">[12]</a>

Another rationale comes from the fact that minors are generally economically, socially, and legally unequal to adults. By making it illegal for an adult to have sex with a minor, statutory rape laws aim to give the minor some protection against adults in a position of power over the youth.<a href="#cite_note-ovc-3">[3]</a>

Another argument presented in defence of statutory rape laws relates to the difficulty in prosecuting rape (against a victim of any age) in the courtroom. Because forced sexual intercourse with a minor is considered a particularly heinous form of rape, these laws relieve the prosecution of the burden to prove lack of consent. This makes conviction more frequent in cases involving minors.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-13">[13]</a>

The original purpose of statutory rape laws was to protect young, unwed females from males who might impregnate them and not take responsibility by providing support for the child.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-13">[13]</a> In the past, the solution to such problems was often a <a href="Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">shotgun wedding</a>, a forced marriage called for by the parents of the girl in question. This rationale aims to preserve the marriageability of the girl and to prevent unwanted <a href="Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gutt-12">[12]</a>

Historically, a man could defend himself against statutory rape charges by proving that his victim was already sexually experienced prior to their encounter (and thus not subject to being corrupted by the defendant).<a href="#cite_note-cnn-13">[13]</a> A requirement that the victim be "of previously chaste character" remained in effect in some <a href="U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> until as late as the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_differences_in_statutory_rape">Sex differences in statutory rape</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_on_male_statutory_rape"> Female on male statutory rape</h3></div>

Until the late 1970s, sex involving an adult female and an underage male was often ignored by the law, due to the belief that it often constitutes sexual initiation of the younger male.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This view still exists in modern times, as there is a gender bias in courts on teacher–student sexual relationships resulting in far lesser punishment of female offenders.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 2005, the <a href="Office_of_Juvenile_Justice_and_Delinquency_Prevention" title="Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention">Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention</a> estimated that 5% of statutory rape victims were male, and that 94% of the perpetrators in these cases were female; 73% of the female perpetrators were aged 21 or over, while 76% of the male victims were aged 15 or younger.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

A 2006 review of scientific research found that the majority of men who had sex with women as underaged boys hold a positive reaction about the relationship, with a third of them being neutral and less than 5% being negative toward it. However, these men expressed slightly higher levels of psychological distress than men who had not had these experiences. The authors suggested that societal views may disincline men from recognising negative or abusive elements of the relationships. In contrast, women who were involved with adult men when they were underage mostly had negative reactions once they left the relationship, seeing them as sexual deviants who could not find willing same-age partners and who instead exploited young girls.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

U.S. courts have held that male victims of statutory rape are liable for <a href="Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a> for any children resulting from the crime, uniformly taking the view that the criminal act of the mother is irrelevant to a child support obligation.<a href="#cite_note-persaud-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In many cases, the boys were not characterised as victims, but as willing participants. Courts often rely on the consent of the victim to the sexual intercourse when imposing child support orders, even though within the context of statutory rape prosecutions minors are deemed legally incapable of giving consent.<a href="#cite_note-persaud-19">[19]</a> County of San Luis Obispo v. Nathaniel J. examined the case of a 15-year-old male victim and a 34-year-old female perpetrator where the sexual assault resulted in the birth of a child. When questioned, the male victim stated that the sex was "a mutually agreeable act". The 34-year-old perpetrator was prosecuted and convicted of unlawful sex with a minor. However, the lawsuit in question demanded child support from the male victim for the child who was born. The court found that the boy was "not an innocent victim", and had responsibilities to the child despite the fact that he had been the victim of a sexual assault and had not been of the age of consent. The court ruled that the victim would be responsible for child support once he reached the <a href="Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_statutory_rape">Same-sex statutory rape</h3></div>

In some jurisdictions, relationships between adults and minors are penalised more when both are the same sex. For example, in the US state of <a href="Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, if someone 18 or older has sex with a minor no more than four years younger, a Romeo and Juliet law limits the penalty substantially. As written, however, this law did not apply to same-sex couples, leaving them subject to higher penalties than opposite-sex couples for the same offence. This resulted in higher statutory rape convictions, larger fines, and sex offender registration for teens involved in same-sex statutory rape.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Kansas law was successfully challenged as being in conflict with the <a href="U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> rulings <a href="Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a> and <a href="Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Lawrence precedent did not directly address <a href="Equal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection">equal protection</a>, but its application in the case of <a href="State_v._Limon" title="State v. Limon">State v. Limon</a> (2005) invalidated <a href="Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> laws that discriminate based on sexual orientation in Kansas.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_laws_depending_on_countries">Specific laws depending on countries</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3></div>

The law reads in Danish:<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

§ 222. Den, som har samleje med et barn under 15 år, straffes med fængsel indtil 8 år, medmindre forholdet er omfattet af § 216, stk. 2. Ved fastsættelse af straffen skal det indgå som en skærpende omstændighed, at gerningsmanden har skaffet sig samlejet ved udnyttelse af sin fysiske eller psykiske overlegenhed.

Stk. 2. Har gerningsmanden skaffet sig samlejet ved tvang eller fremsættelse af trusler, kan straffen stige til fængsel indtil 12 år.

</blockquote>

Which translates roughly to:

§ 222. One who has sexual intercourse with a child under the age of 15, shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 8 years, unless the situation is covered by § 216 paragraph 2. In determining the penalty, it shall be an aggravating circumstance if the perpetrator has gained intercourse by exploiting their physical or mental superiority.

Paragraph. 2. If the offender has gained intercourse by coercion or threats, the penalty may be increased to imprisonment for up to 12 years.

</blockquote>

The content of § 216 paragraph 2 specifies the penalty can be increased to 12 years, if the child is under the age of 12.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div>

In Italy the age of consent is 14. A Romeo and Juliet rule applies for an age difference of one year. However, if the older person has a position of authority over the younger, such as a relative, teacher, parish priest, or doctor, the age of consent is 16.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h3></div>

<ul><li>Article 244 A person who, with a person younger than 12 years, performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body, will be punished with imprisonment up to twelve years or a fine up to that of the fifth category.</li>

<li>Article 245 A person who, out of wedlock, with a person who has reached the age of 12 but has not reached 16 years, performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment up to eight years or a fine up to that of the fifth category.</li></ul>

Note on marriage;

<ul><li>Article 245, dealing with sex with persons between 12 and 16 years, only applies outside of marriage, however a marriage with someone under 16 requires authorisation from the minister of justice, which can only be obtained if there are "compelling reasons" for such a marriage.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li></ul>

Notes on the Dutch law;

<ul><li>Sexual penetration is not only sexual intercourse. The object does not even necessarily have to be a penis or another body part. Giving cunnilingus, receiving fellatio and active French kissing can be considered rape as well.</li>

<li>A fine is seldom given to a case of severe crimes, such as statutory rape. In nearly all cases the committer is condemned to prison.</li>

<li>Fines are divided into categories. The higher number the category is, the higher is the fine. The maximum fine of the fifth category is €83,000.</li>

<li>"Consent" of the minor and the use or absence of violence is not a criterion. If the other is minor, it is statutory rape. The maximum punishment depends on whether the victim is younger than 12 years (then it is up to 12 years' imprisonment) or older than 12 years (the imprisonment will be up to 8 years).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

For <a href="England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, the legal framework of the <a href="Sexual_Offences_Act_2003" title="Sexual Offences Act 2003">Sexual Offences Act 2003</a> differentiates between sexual contact with children under 13, and sexual contact with those at least 13 but under 16.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

Sexual penetration of a child under 13 is termed rape of a child under 13, an offence created by section 5 of the act, which reads:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">(1) Rape of a child under 13

A person commits an offence if—

<dl><dd>(a) he intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another person with his penis, and</dd></dl>

<dl><dd>(b) the other person is under 13.</dd></dl></blockquote>

The explanatory notes read: "Whether or not the child consented to this act is irrelevant".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The term rape is used with regard to children under 13; consensual sexual penetration of a child above 13 but under 16 is defined as sexual activity with a child, and punished less severely (section 9, which requires the perpetrator to be 18 or over). A minor can also be guilty of sexual contact with another minor (section 13), but the explanatory notes state that decisions whether to prosecute in cases where both parties are minors are to be taken on a case-by-case basis.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Crown prosecution guidelines state "[I]t is not in the public interest to prosecute children who are of the same or similar age and understanding that engage in sexual activity, where the activity is truly consensual for both parties and there are no aggravating features, such as coercion or corruption."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

Northern Ireland follows a similar legal framework, under the <a href="Sexual_Offences_(Northern_Ireland)_Order_2008" title="Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008">Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This act overhauled the sexual offences laws in Northern Ireland, and fixed the age of consent at 16 in line with the rest of the UK; prior to this act it was 17.

In Scotland, the <a href="Sexual_Offences_(Scotland)_Act_2009" title="Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009">Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009</a> also fixes an age of consent of 16, and is also two-tiered, treating children under 13 differently than children 13–15. Section 18, rape of a young child, applies to children under 13.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Before the enactment of this act, Scotland had very few statutory sexual offences, with most of its sexual legislation being defined at <a href="Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, which was increasingly seen as a problem in particular for the issue of consent.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The creation of a two-tier age limit was deemed very important during the drafting of the act.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romeo_and_Juliet_laws">Romeo and Juliet laws</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a></div>

Teenagers often engage in sexual conduct as part of an intimate relationship. This may occur before either participant has reached the age of consent, or after one has but the other has not. In the latter case, in most jurisdictions, the person who has reached the age of consent is guilty of statutory rape. In some jurisdictions, if two minors have sex with each other, they are both guilty of engaging in unlawful sex with the other person.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The act itself is <a href="Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a> evidence of guilt when one participant is incapable of legally consenting.

Many jurisdictions have passed so-called "Romeo and Juliet laws"<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> which serve to reduce or eliminate the penalty of the crime in cases where the couple's age difference is minor and the sexual contact would not have been rape if both partners were legally able to give consent. Such laws vary, but can include:

<ul><li>Rephrasing the definition of the offence itself to completely exclude situations where the difference in age is less than a specific time period.</li>

<li>Providing an <a href="Affirmative_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative defence">affirmative defence</a> to statutory rape based on the small difference in the participants' ages, or on evidence of a pre-existing sexual relationship between the accused and the perceived victim that did not constitute statutory rape (e.g. both parties were underage when the relationship started).</li>

<li>Reducing the severity of the offence from a <a href="Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> to a <a href="Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a>, which prevents loss of civil rights and reduces available penalties.</li>

<li>Reducing the penalty in such cases to a fine, <a href="Probation" title="Probation">probation</a> or community service.</li>

<li>Eliminating the requirement that the convicted participant register as a <a href="Sex_offender" title="Sex offender">sex offender</a>, or reducing the duration of such registration from life to one, five or ten years.</li>

<li>Allowing a convicted party to petition for <a href="Expungement" title="Expungement">expungement</a> after serving any adjudged sentence.</li></ul>

Such laws generally apply to a couple whose ages differ by less than a specified number of years. They are, however, generally unavailable in any case where the older participant has an authoritative position over the younger regardless of relative age, such as a teacher/student, coach/player or guardian/ward relationship, or if any physical force was used or serious physical injury resulted. This is normally accomplished by making acts involving these circumstances separate crimes to which the "Romeo and Juliet" defence does not apply.

An example is <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> <a href="Texas_Penal_Code" title="Texas Penal Code">Penal Code</a>, Section 22.011(e). It provides an <a href="Affirmative_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative defence">affirmative defence</a> to a charge of <a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> if all of the following apply;

<ul><li>The accused was not more than 3 years older than the perceived victim</li>

<li>The perceived victim was older than 14 years of age at the time of the offence (<a href="Age_of_consent_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of consent in Texas">age of consent in Texas</a> is 17 years)</li>

<li>The accused was not at the time registered or required to register for life as a sex offender</li>

<li>The conduct did not constitute <a href="Incest" title="Incest">incest</a></li>

<li>Neither the accused nor perceived victim would commit <a href="Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a> by marrying the other (in other words, neither was married to a third person)</li></ul>

A similar affirmative defence exists in the Texas Penal Code for the related crime of "continuous sexual abuse of a young child or children". Any defence under either law, however, does not apply to the separate crime of "improper educator/student relationship" (sexual relations between a licensed teacher or school employee and a student of the same school), or for "aggravated sexual assault" (the forcible rape statute of Texas law).

Some countries other than the United States also have Romeo and Juliet laws. Ireland's 2006 law has been contested because it treats girls differently from boys.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the age of consent is normally 16,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> but there are two close-in-age exemptions: sex with minors aged 14–15 is permitted if the partner is less than five years older, and sex with minors aged 12–13 is permitted if the partner is less than two years older.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Other countries state that the sexual conduct with the minor is not to be punished if the partners are of a similar age and development: for instance, the age of consent in <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> is 16, but the law states that the act will not be punished if "there is no great difference in the ages or the mental and physical maturity of the persons involved".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Another approach takes the form of a stipulation that sexual intercourse between a minor and an adult is legal under the condition that the latter does not exceed a certain age. In <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, the age of consent is 15, but the activity is only deemed criminal if there is "a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_issues">Current issues</h2></div>

While there is broad support for the concept of statutory rape as criminal in the United States, there is substantial debate on how vigorously such cases should be pursued and under what circumstances.

In May 2006, the <a href="Irish_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Supreme Court">Irish Supreme Court</a> found the existing statutory rape laws to have been <a href="Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a>, since they prevented the defendant from entering a defence (e.g., that he had reasonably believed that the other party was over the age of consent).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> This has led to the release of persons held under the statutory rape law and has led to public demands that the law be changed by emergency legislation being enacted. On 2 June 2006 the Irish Supreme Court upheld an appeal by the state against the release of one such person, "Mr A". Mr A was rearrested shortly afterwards to continue serving his sentence.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hermesmann_v._Seyer" title="Hermesmann v. Seyer">Hermesmann v. Seyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jailbait" title="Jailbait">Jailbait</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitcairn_sexual_assault_trial_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004">Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types of rape</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> See Article 1:31 Minimum age ... "The Minister of Justice may, for compelling reasons, grant dispensation from the requirement mentioned in paragraph 1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/legislation/dcctitle055.htm">[1]</a>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/clp/faq.html">"Age of Consent to Sexual Activity"</a>. Department of Justice. Government of Canada. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-s-age-of-consent-raised-by-2-years-1.754941">"Canada's age of consent raised by 2 years"</a>. CBC News. 1 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320002644/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/01/crime-bill.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050225222432/http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039">"FINLEX ®—Translations of Finnish acts and decrees: 39/1889 English"</a>. Finlex.fi. 29 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039">the original</a> on 25 February 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043215/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/slovenia.pdf">"Republic of Slovenia—Legislation against child sex tourism"</a> (PDF). <a href="WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/slovenia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0523/sex.html">"Statutory rape law ruled unconstitutional"</a>. RTÉ News. 23 May 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0602/rape.html">"McDowell confident ruling will foil offenders"</a>. RTÉ News. 2 June 2006.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm">Breakdown of ages of consent in various countries and all 50 U.S. states</a></li>

<li>Carpenter, Catherine L. (<a href="Southwestern_University_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern University School of Law">Southwestern University School of Law</a> Professor of Law). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=aulr">On Statutory Rape, Strict Liability, and the Public Welfare Offense Model</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125144907/https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=aulr">Archive</a>). <a href="American_University_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American University Law Review">American University Law Review</a>. 2003. Volume 53, Issue 2, Article 1. p. 313–391.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_ethics254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sexual_ethics254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rainbow_party_(sexuality)" title="Rainbow party (sexuality)">Rainbow party</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_education" title="Sex education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li>

<li><a href="Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a>

<li><a href="Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li>

<li><a href="Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li>

<li><a href="Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a>

<li><a href="Lesbian_pornography" title="Lesbian pornography">lesbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's pornography">women's</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a>

<li><a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_workers'_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a>

<li><a href="Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child sexual abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a>

<li><a href="Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a> (<a href="Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">reform</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Age_of_consent_in_Africa" title="Age of consent in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_consent_in_Europe" title="Age of consent in Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_consent_in_North_America" title="Age of consent in North America">North America</a>

<ul><li><a href="Age_of_consent_in_the_United_States" title="Age of consent in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_consent_in_Oceania" title="Age of consent in Oceania">Oceania</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_consent_in_South_America" title="Age of consent in South America">South America</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Outline_of_sexual_ethics" title="Outline of sexual ethics">Topical outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_abuse205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sexual_abuse205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a>

<ul><li><a href="Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Child exploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_abuse_in_primary_and_secondary_schools" title="Sexual abuse in primary and secondary schools">in primary and secondary schools</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Money_marriage" title="Money marriage">Money marriage</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus</a></li>

<li><a href="Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital</a></li>

<li><a href="Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_by_proxy" title="Rape by proxy">By proxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Of males</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li>

<li><a href="Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">Sexual grooming</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sexual_harassment_in_education" title="Sexual harassment in education">in education</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">in education in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">in the military</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Statistics</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li>

<li><a href="Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes of sexual violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath of rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li>

<li><a href="Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories of rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Laws regarding child sexual abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws regarding rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse" title="False allegation of child sexual abuse">False allegation of child sexual abuse</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ALaw" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rape259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Rape259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Campus_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Campus rape">Campus rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">Rape by deception</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects and motivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath of rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Motivation_for_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivation for rape">Motivation for rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rape_shield_law" title="Rape shield law">Rape shield law</a></li>

<li><a href="False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_and_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and punishment">Rape and punishment</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_investigation" title="Rape investigation">Rape investigation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rape_in_Afghanistan" title="Rape in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_China" title="Rape in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_France" title="Rape in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Germany" title="Rape in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_violence_and_rape_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Gender violence and rape in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_Sweden" title="Rape in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics/ related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History of rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-rape_device" title="Anti-rape device">Anti-rape device</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">Rape crisis centres</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge films</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt>Portals</dt>

<dd> <a href="Portal%3ALaw" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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